Rotor.
The rotor consists of blades with specially shaped, aerodynamic surfaces. When the wind blows over the blades, the rotor turns, causing the rotation of the drive train and generator. The blades should be light-weight, strong and durable to withstand the elements. They are usually constructed of composites of fiberglass, reinforced plastic or wood. The turbine should also be designed to prevent the rotor from turning too fast during strong wind.
The diameter of the rotor blades determines how much power is generated by the system. There are usually two or three blades. Three blades reduces the mechanical stresses on the system, but increases the cost of the rotor.
Generator, Alternator.
Generators and alternators produce electricity from the rotation of the turbine rotor. A generator produces Direct Current (DC) power or, as alternator, it produces Alternating Current (AC) power. Most small wind turbines used for battery charging systems use alternators generating AC power which converted to DC for the batteries.
Gearbox.
Many turbines, particularly those above 10kW, use a gearbox to match the rotor speed to that of the generator. Most micro and mini systems have the generator or alternator rotating at the same speed as the rotor and do not need a gearbox.
Nacelle.
This is an enclosure which protects the gearbox, generator and other components from the elements. It is removable to allow for maintenance.
Tailvane (Yaw Systems).
A yaw systems aligns the horizontal axis wind turbines with the wind. Most micro and mini use a simple tail vane that direct the rotor into the wind. In some systems, the rotor is downwind of the generator, so it naturally aligns with the wind. Some yaw systems can be offset from the vertical axis to regulate rotor power and speed. Special release mechanisms can use the yaw system to turn horizontal axis turbines out of dangerously high winds.
Control and Protection Systems.
Control systems vary from simple switches, fuses and battery charge regulators to computerized systems for control of yaw systems and brakes. The sophistication of the control and protection system varies depending on the application of the wind turbine and the energy system it supports.
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